ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING

About Course

Assembly language programming is a low-level programming method that is closer to a computer’s machine code than high-level programming languages like C, Java, or Python. Assembly language provides a way to write instructions in a form that is more understandable to human programmers, while still being closely related to the machine language instructions specific to a particular processor architecture.

What Will You Learn?

  • INSTRUCTION SET
  • INSTRUCTION EXECUTION AND FLOW OF MACROS
  • BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE COMPUTER
  • CORRESPONDING MACHINE LANGUAGE MODES OF ADDRESSIMG

Course Content

BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
The binary number system is a fundamental concept in computer science and digital electronics. It is a base-2 numeral system that uses only two symbols, typically 0 and 1, to represent values. This system is the basis of all modern computing systems, as it is ideally suited for digital circuitry that uses logic gates and can be easily represented by two distinct states: on and off.

  • TYPE OF ENCODING
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  • MODES OF REPRESENTATIONS OF DATA
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BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE COMPUTER
The basic structure of a computer can be understood by dividing it into four primary components: 1. **Central Processing Unit (CPU):** Often referred to as the "brain" of the computer, the CPU is responsible for executing instructions and processing data. It performs the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. The CPU is composed of the control unit, which directs the operation of the processor, and the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations. 2. **Memory:** This component stores data and instructions that the CPU needs. There are two main types of memory: - **Primary Memory (RAM):** Random Access Memory (RAM) is the main memory of a computer and is used for temporary storage of data and instructions that are in active use. RAM is volatile, meaning it loses its contents when the computer is turned off. - **Secondary Memory:** This includes storage devices like hard drives, solid-state drives, and USB flash drives. Secondary memory provides permanent data storage. 3. **Input Devices:** These are peripherals used to provide data and control signals to a computer. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, scanners, and webcams. They allow users to interact with the computer, enter data, and issue commands. 4. **Output Devices:** These are peripherals used to convey information from a computer to a user or to another device. Examples include monitors, printers, and speakers. They enable the computer to present results, provide notifications, and display information. In addition to these four basic components, computers also have a **motherboard** that holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, including the CPU and memory, as well as providing connectors for other peripherals. Lastly, computers have a **power supply unit (PSU)** that converts electrical power from an outlet into usable power for the internal components of the computer. Together, these components work in harmony to perform the complex tasks and operations that computers are known for.

INSTRUCTION SET
An instruction set in the context of assembly language programming refers to the collection of commands or instructions that a processor understands and can execute. Each instruction in an assembly language is a direct representation of an instruction in the machine code of a specific processor architecture. Here are some key points about instruction sets in assembly language programming: 1. **Processor-Specific:** Instruction sets are specific to processor architectures. For example, the x86 architecture has a different instruction set from ARM or MIPS architectures. This means that assembly language programs written for one type of processor won't work on another type without modification. 2. **Basic Operations:** The instructions typically include operations for arithmetic (such as addition and subtraction), logic (such as AND, OR, NOT), data movement (like loading data into a register or storing it in memory), control flow (such as jumps and conditional branches), and specialized operations (like handling interrupts or specific hardware instructions). 3. **Low-Level Programming:** Assembly language is considered a low-level programming language because it is very close to machine code and is specific to the hardware. This allows for precise control over the hardware and can be used for optimizing performance, although it requires detailed knowledge of the processor. 4. **Mnemonics:** In assembly language, mnemonics are used to represent instructions, making them easier to remember and understand. For example, `MOV` for move, `ADD` for addition, `SUB` for subtraction, etc. These mnemonics are then translated into machine code by an assembler. 5. **Registers and Memory:** Assembly language programming often involves managing CPU registers and memory directly. This includes moving data between registers, performing operations on register values, and accessing specific memory locations. 6. **Efficiency and Performance:** Assembly language allows programmers to write highly efficient and performance-oriented code, as it enables fine-tuning of program behavior at the hardware level. This is particularly important in systems where resources are limited or high performance is crucial. 7. **Complexity and Portability:** Programming in assembly language is more complex and time-consuming compared to high-level languages. Also, because it is tied to a specific hardware architecture, assembly code is generally not portable across different types of processors. In summary, the instruction set in assembly language programming is a crucial element that defines what operations a CPU can perform. It is characterized by its low-level, hardware-specific nature, offering high efficiency and control at the cost of complexity and lack of portability.

CORRESPONDING MACHINE LANGUAGE MODES OF ADDRESSING
Machine language, which is the lowest level of programming language, directly represents the instructions that a processor can execute. These instructions often include various modes of addressing, which dictate how the processor should interpret the operands or data that an instruction uses.

INSTRUCTION EXECUTION AND FLOW OF MACROS
In computer programming, instruction execution refers to the process by which a computer's CPU carries out the instructions of a program, and a macro is a single instruction that expands automatically into a set of instructions to perform a particular task. WHILE Macros are particularly useful in assembly language programming as they allow for code reuse and abstraction, reducing the need to write repetitive code and making complex sequences of instructions easier to manage and understand. However, unlike functions in high-level languages, macros are expanded at compile time, not run time, so they do not incur the overhead of a function call during execution.

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